Miss Havisham Essay Example for Free

Miss Havisham Essay Miss Havisham is first acquainted with the peruser when Mr Pumblechook (Pips Uncle) reports that Miss Havisham Requests Pips nearness to play at her home. Miss Havisham fits into the fundamental plot since she prepares Estella to â€Å" break their hearts.† When Pip sees Estella for the clench hand time, he in a flash becomes hopelessly enamored with her. Miss Havisham sees this and she urges Pip to do as such. Miss Havisham was additionally, in Pips eyes, the reason for his ‘Great expectations’ Miss Havisham may likewise have been set in the novel by Dickens, To investigate how the impacts of terrible encounters on individuals. For this situation it would be Miss Havisham being abandoned on her big day In the main portrayal of Satis house you get the picture of a run down house that has been deserted despite the fact that there is somebody there as yet living there. At the point when pip goes to miss Havishams house she requests that he contact her heart. This as indicated by her is ‘Broken.’ When Miss Havisham says ‘I now and again have debilitated fancies’ this shows Miss Havisham is intellectually upset in the head. Satis house is an old rotting house, which was turned along these lines by Miss Havishams disregard. At the point when Pip comes back to miss Havishams she brings him into her wedding breakfast room. There is a spoiling cake in the table. This summarizes Miss Havishams life consummately. Overlooked and Moldy. Something else that is portrayed as unusual is that all the timekeepers have been halted at twenty to nine. This makes it sound like her life has been solidified in time, as she likewise wore one shoe, a large portion of her cover was masterminded she despite everything wore a rotting wedding dress. This causes the perusers to accept that she has solidified time at that accurate point. Miss Havisham has a significant influence in the Novel as she drives pip into accepting that she was his promoter since he accepted that she was raising him for Estella when in reality it was the convict (Magwitch). Miss Havishams character toward the start of the novel is portrayed as barbarous and cutthroat, anyway later on in the novel she makes a fresh start and asks for Pip’s absolution not long before she is copied to death. Charles Dickens investigates the topic of wrongdoing and pardoning in the novel. All through the novel a portion of the individuals who have trespassed attempted to make up for themselves the others who have trespassed haven’t. What's more, Dickens investigates the subject of what is a delicate man. Compyson Who abandoned Miss Havisham and controlled Magwitch into accomplishing his grimy work was viewed as a delicate man while Joe Gargery took in pip despite the fact that he was not identified with him at all took Pip in and gave him an apprenticeship at the manufacture was not viewed as a delicate man since he needed to work professionally. Dickens investigates numerous subjects in the Novel. The principle one being the consequences for individuals after a terrible encounter. For this situation this is through Miss Havisham. Miss Havisham profoundly cherished Compeyson and she cast away the greater part of her family who admonished her that he was inconvenience, But she disregarded them all and when she got abandoned by him on her big day she understood that her family were correct. After this Miss Havisham received Estella so she could raise her up to be immune with the impacts of society were in undeniable reality she was progressively powerless when she grew up. Miss Havisham additionally raised her up to ‘break the hearts’ of men. This in a manner is retribution for what Compeyson put Miss Havisham Through. Another subject in the novel is sin and absolution. In Victorian culture numerous individuals went to chapel such huge numbers of individuals trusted in Heaven and Hell. All through the novel numerous individuals sin. Magwitch, Compeyson, Miss Havisham Orlick and some more. A portion of these individuals attempt to make up for themselves like Magwitch who turned into a mystery advocate to Pip. ‘I rest harsh so you can rest smooth’ likewise Miss Havisham understands that that she has annihilated two people’s lives. She attempts to vindicate herself by stooping to Pip. ‘Oh what have I done’ she additionally discloses what she did to Estella ‘I won her love and put ice in its place.’ This shows Miss Havisham acknowledged how she has raised her to be merciless, unfeeling, and how she annihilated Estella’s life. Others, who trespassed, as Compeyson, were executed in a most terrible way. Suffocating in a stream while having a battle with Magwitch slaughtered Compeyson. Over all Miss Havisham began in the novel to be a pitiless, debased character anyway towards the finish of the novel she makes up for herself by asking for Pips pardoning.

Endocrine System Management Free Samples-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Portray the job of the primary harmones and name the Endocrine Glands that produce them? Answer: Presentation: This investigation manages the fundamental parts of the endocrine framework. As expressed by Rogers (2012), an assortment of organs creating hormones to control digestion, improvement, development, propagation, tissue work, rest, mind-set and sexual capacity comprise the endocrine framework. Through this task, the job of the hormones, circulation system and target cells comparable to cell film structure and protein receptors are featured to have an away from on the working of the endocrine framework. Job of primary hormones and the organs that produce them: The endocrine framework is made out of a few organs discharging significant synthetic concoctions and hormones helping the body to adapt to the various degrees of stress and occasions it experiences. Koch and Chrousos (2012) distinguished the significant organs comprising the endocrine framework as the Thyroid organ, Parathyroid organ, Adrenal organ, Pancreas, Pituitary organ, Ovaries (in females) and Testes (in guys). The important hormones they produce are: Organs Hormones Hormones Thyroid organ Parathyroid organ Adrenal organ Pancreas Pituitary organ Ovaries Testicles Pineal organ Thyroid hormone (TH) as Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3), Parathyroid hormone (PTH) as Aldosterone, cortisol, adrenaline and non-adrenaline Insulin, glucagon Development hormone (GH), Prolactin, Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ADCH), Luteininzing hormone (LH), Thyroid-animating hormone (TSH), oxytocin, follicle-invigorating hormone (FSH) and Antiduretic hormone (ADH) Estrogens, Progesterone Testosterone Melatonin Table 1: Endocrine organs and the hormones delivered by them (Source: Kovacs and Ojeda, 2012, p. 24) The pituitary organ is the ace organ as its hormones impact the activities of the vast majority of different organs and organs of the body. GH helps in development of kids and keeping up solid bone mass and muscle of grown-ups. Prolactin invigorates milk creation in ladies. ADCH helps in pressure decrease by advancing cortisol creation and keeps up circulatory strain. TSH aids solid digestion by controlling body thyroid. LH performs estrogen guideline in ladies and testosterone guideline in men. FSH invigorates egg discharge in ladies and typical sperm working in men. Oxytocin advances milk stream in moms and start auspicious constrictions in pregnancy. ADH or vasopressin helps in water guideline in body (Hormone.org, 2015). The T3 hormone aids stomach related and heart capacities, bodys metabolic rate, bone support, muscle control and mental health. The T4 influences protein blend, neural development and increment body affectability to catecholamines as adrenaline. Nutrient digestion portrays impact of T4. The PTH controls serum calcium, serum phosphate and nutrient D union. The aldosterone hormone acts in managing circulatory strain. It additionally impacts neurogenesis emphatically through mineralocorticoid receptors. Isaacs (2012) accentuated on the prime job of cortisol in looking after homeostasis. It expands glucose levels through glucogenesis promotion stifle invulnerable framework in this manner supporting in fat, protein and starch digestion and abatement in bone development. Cortisol animates gluconeogenesis in fasting state at first and terminally invigorates glycogenesis.Adrenalin and non-adrenalin go about as concoction middle people pass on nerve driving forces to effectors organs. It has a bronchodilation impact on organs lacking direct thoughtful innervations. The non-adrenaline increment pace of heart constrictions, influence mind parcels controlling consideration and reactions. It is the flight-or-battle hormone activating glucose discharge and expanding blood stream to skeletal muscle (Kovacs and Ojeda, 2012). Melatonin is a creature hormone directing circulatory strain, regular multiplication and rest timing. The insulin and glucagon keeps up blood glucose level. Glucagon animates glycogenolysis and insulin invigorates glycogenesis in this way acting together to keep up steady glucose level in blood. The estrogen aids development and improvement in ladies. Progesterone helps in implantation of prepared egg supporting sound pregnancy. Testosterone helps in upkeep of endurance, bulk and quality supporting bone thickness, charisma, memory and prosperity in men. Job of circulation system in the endocrine procedure: The organs of the endocrine framework discharge their hormone emission straightforwardly into the circulation system inside body. The significant elements of the endocrine framework including guideline of a few fundamental metabolic and other body exercises happens through the hormones. Kholadava and Bourko (2014) feature the significance of the circulatory system as it help with conveying the hormone from their place of discharge to the point of activity. The organs of the endocrine framework works by choosing and expelling the applicable materials from blood, preparing these materials and emitting the last item at the suitable spot to act in the body.The circulation system assumes a significant job in appropriate working of the endocrine framework in setting of transportation of the discharged hormone to pertinent spot of activity. The plasma of blood aids the upkeep of the endocrine hormones at the important levels while arriving at the organs or site of activity (Cutillo, 2012). Job of target cells and connection between cell film structure and protein receptors: The objective cells are the fundamental segments of the endocrine framework on which the particular hormones discharged by the endocrine organs work. As attested by Isaacs (2012), the nearness of the particular receptors on the objective cells empower the cell to perceive the hormone and join to it to permit its capacity on the cell. The proteins and peptides of the receptor structure portray water solvency along these lines forestalling dispersion over the hydrophobic lipid cell layers leaving the receptors extracellular to couple with the intracellular sign transducing atoms through cell film traversion. Cutillo (2012) features the receptor dimerisation with nearby receptor on official of hormone or development factor to the extracellular space. Most protein and peptide hormone delineates G-protein connected receptors with short extracellular amino terminal space or longer extracellular area. The layer particle channels actuation happens through intracellular trimeric G-protein separation through extracellular hormone-receptor cooperations (Saenger and Haucke, 2012). End: The present investigation along these lines uncovers the high importance of the endocrine framework organs and their hormones. The significant organs and the job of the hormones emitted by the organs are featured. Plainly the circulatory system assumes a noteworthy job in moving the hormones to the pertinent locales of activity. The structure of the cell layer and their collaboration with the protein receptor over the objective cells is plainly delineated through this examination. Subsequently, the endocrine organs and the hormones rise as profoundly fundamental in keeping up and managing the imperative body forms. References Bordbar, M., Taj-aldini, R., Karamizadeh, Z., Haghpanah, S., Karimi, M. furthermore, Omrani, G. (2012). Thyroid capacity and stress hormones in kids with pressure hyperglycemia. Endocrine, 42(3), pp.653-657. Cutillo, D. (2012). The hormone move. Bloomington, IN: Balboa Press Goodman, H. (2009). Fundamental clinical endocrinology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Hormone.org, (2015). What is the Function of Endocrine Glands Types Of Hormones Released?. [online] Available at: https://www.hormone.org/hormones-and-wellbeing/the-endocrine-framework/endocrine-organs and-sorts of-hormones [Accessed 12 Apr. 2015]. Isaacs, S. (2012). Hormonal equalization. Chicago: Bull Publishing Company. Kholadava, A. what's more, Bourko, I. (2014). Showing arrangement of poise in endocrinology. EJEA. Koch, C. also, Chrousos, G. (2012). Endocrine hypertension. New York: Humana Press. Kovacs, W. also, Ojeda, S. (2012). Course reading of endocrine physiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rogers, K. (2012). The endocrine framework. New York: Britannica Educational Pub. in relationship with Rosen Educational Services. Saenger, W. also, Haucke, V. (2012). Structure and capacity of layer vital receptors.European Journal of Cell Biology, 91(4), p.225. Yongtao, Z., Kunzheng, W., Jingjing, Z., Hu, S., Jianqiang, K., Ruiyu, L. also, Chunsheng, W. (2014). Glucocorticoids enact the nearby reninangiotensin framework in bone: conceivable instrument for glucocorticoid-instigated osteoporosis. Endocrine, 47(2), pp.598-608.

Ermo Essay Example for Free

Ermo Essay Ermo, coordinated by Zhou Xiaowen in 1994, happens in the 1980’s when China initially started to effectively acknowledge the idea of globalization. â€Å"Ermo, where the title character as the solid willed spouse of an undermined husband† (Tang 654), investigates the issues of being an authority just as a person with her own advantages and wants. Contrasted and customary Chinese ladies who were consigned to dealing with the family, Ermo is definitely unique since she is the person who takes care of the budgetary needs of her family by selling twisty noodles. In spite of the fact that she is a poor, worker lady whose life spins around the obligations of dealing with of her family, Ermo harbors mystery aspirations which she yearns to some time or another accomplish. Energized by her desire, Ermo works day and night to satisfy her points even as she takes care of her cherished one’s needs. Her trademark as capable female authority can likewise be seen when she chances her wellbeing by selling huge amounts of her blood so as to gain snappy cash. In the film, each move that Ermo makes is a consequence of her through and through freedom; she isn't constrained or pressured to do as such. Everything that she does, she accomplishes for the love of her family. The female lead in the film is eager to successfully bolster her family, which is a checked quality of contemporary Chinese movies. The job of Ermo is a solid takeoff from the customary jobs of ladies in Chinese society. Ermo’s calling is inspected in two different ways: Noodle merchant during the day and noodle creator during the night. In the absolute starting point of the film, the shot shows her as a noodle-dealer in the city, hawking lots of twisty noodles that she herself made. She hollers â€Å"mai mahua mian lou† (twisty noodle available to be purchased) (Ciecko 2) continually. This scene especially underscores her calling and abilities for selling twisty noodles. There are likewise a few close-up shots of her foot while she is making noodle mixture. Ermo works flour with her feet, and she does it expertly, failing to drop any of flour. This gave says something concerning the specialized aptitudes her work requires and the energy and devotion with which Ermo carries out her responsibility. While for the most part viewed as a modest activity, it is really a requesting work requiring modern abilities. The chance to seek after a compensating profession among Chinese ladies is a genuinely late advancement in light of the fact that the ladies in China never had the chance to pick their activity. Ermo’s want can be perused in different manners: want for a superior life, want for a satisfying sexual relationship, and want for self-assurance. Ermo’s â€Å"wish for another existence with a [Blindman, the most extravagant person in the town] following a desirous night somewhere between town and town, communicates her longing to want and comprises a motivated correction of reality† (Tang, 668). This fulfills both her sexual want and want for better life. She additionally wants for having the greatest TV in her town, which from the outset may appear to be materialistic, however may really be understood for her need to accomplish and be recognized for her achievements. In spite of the fact that she says that she needs to purchase the TV for her child so he doesn't need to go to their neighbor’s house to watch, it is actually her own desire to show individuals who she truly is. In light of solid Confucian culture, Chinese ladies have been generally consigned to the sidelines, however as China starts to open itself to changes, so do Chinese ladies start to advance and come out into their own. As analyzed above, â€Å"the focal occasions in Ermo mirror another phase in the advancement of contemporary Chinese society† (Tang, 663). As depicted in this cutting edge Chinese film, ladies can take care of their family without fundamentally relinquishing their own fantasies and aspirations all the while.

Descriptive Essay about a Place, Free Essay Sample

My Village I live in Bakewell, a small village situated near Ashford. My village is surrounded by beautiful features, making one of the most attractive villages in the County. My village is densely populated with less than 1,000 people. Life in the village is simple and peaceful. My village is among the oldest, but has some special features; it is among the beautiful villages built on a ridge of the mountain, situated three hundred meters above the sea level. You can access the village by the road that connects to the central part of the main town. The roads leading into town from my village are narrow. The main village attraction is the main town, with its unique features. The ancient shaded tree is one of the most utilized places in town. Under the shade, a stone built fountain is mounted where villagers gather every evening to drink coffee and discuss news. The church building dominates every other building located in the main town; the church building is the villages landmark. We have no shopping malls. Instead, we rely on individually owned shops. I love the clear air that comes from the mountain; I prefer walking to the main town while breathing the fresh morning air. Additionally, it takes only seven minutes to reach all the ends of my town. Despite its small size, I dont feel limited; there are plenty of activities that keep us going. I actively participate in many events organized by the local district. I attended cooking competitions and cultural events hosted by the local recreation board. Surrounded by the mountain with buildings built three hundred meters above the sea level, our village flood every year, interestingly, the geographical features still interact, villagers believe that the gods of the sea visit the village every year, causing floods. There are several trees like mango trees, a few Oleanders and other big trees including the village pond. I live in the most beautiful section of the village where you can smell flowers, and mango buds, the beautiful colors of flowers attract everyones attention. The village houses are small, with no laundry room, we dont have a clothes dryer, and we hang our clothes on racks. Each house has a front and backyard; some have beautiful gardens with some having a small courtyard. Most homes in my village dont have driveways or a garage. Footpaths crisscross the village houses; some footpaths go as far as the other side of the mountain, passing through the many farm fields. At times we walk on some footpaths that go right into peoples gardens and out to the other side of the road. The village climate is good; it is not so cold or so hot. On a bright morning, if you take a morning stroll along the river bank, you can see beautiful peacocks strutting on the farm fields. Our house is among a group of four attached houses; we live on the edge of the village where farm field and woodlands can be seen from our front door. I know all my neighbors and the entire block. We have the same neighbors. Most of the neighborhood has the same families, meaning that I have many friends in my village. People in my village have their unique way of doing things, there are certain values that are deeply rooted a forms part of the village tradition. People are polite and respectful, especially to strangers. Many professionals come from my village we have several doctors, architect, professors and business people who work in big towns, but come to the village during the holidays. The other beautiful features of my village are the small, attractive village Inns made of old stones, and one famous bridge recently constructed by the government. With all these unique features, my village is a developed one; there are basic amenities like school, post office, a local dispensary and a market. My village has a famous small tavern that serves the best local dishes; we have several grocery stores that sell basic foods. One of the most interesting events in my village is the monthly reading fairs where the county village truck carries loads of books to the village. The truck is loaded with books and latest publications, including some of the latest fashion magazines. Most villagers are farmers, who produce vegetables and fruits, my village is known to be the best producers of fresh fruits supplied in other parts of the town. We produce all kinds of seasonal vegetables, and for this reason, the village host merchants who come to collect fresh fruits and vegetables. The river is one of the most helpful natural resources; during the dry seasons villagers irrigate their farms using water from this river. Like many neighboring villages, we experience power cuts regularly, and people seem to be accustomed to it. One surprising fact is that nobody has ever raised any complaint about the situation. The village seems to be peaceful, we do not have a police station or any local court, and both are available in the neighboring village though. The nearest government building is some ten kilometers away. Local talent doesn’t go unnoticed, every year, the village hosts several cultural events, several artists from nearby villages come to the village to showcase their talents; it is said that some of the best musicians were discovered from our village. Its easy to stay informed about the latest events, my village has a weekly newspaper, and everyone is a reporter. If something big happens, everyone will know about it because news spread very fast. The weekly newspaper provides a section for villagers to post lost pets and items for sale. Despite having a weekly newspaper, it takes a matter of seconds to hear any latest event like some crime or accident. I have always loved living in this small village where things seem to be peaceful. I have what I need right here in my village, I have a close-knit community, and the village is a charm.

Child Passenger Safety Improving Booster Seat - 1140 Words

Child Passenger Safety: Improving Booster Seat in the Hispanic Population Problem Statistics have revealed, in the US, that accidental deaths are the most common among children. â€Å"Children†, in this particular case, is referring to 5-14-year-olds. Among these are the deaths due to car accidents, which are preventable deaths (cite me). Texas, in particular has a high rate of children dying from car accidents. The population of children, in Texas, is estimated at 4,777.656; however, this is an overestimated because it includes 15-18 year olds (Texas Department, 2015a). Seventy-nine, 5-24 year olds died in 2013 and in 2014 that number elevated to ninety-eight deaths (Texas Department, 2015b; 2015c). In addition to the mortality of the car†¦show more content†¦It is especially important to determine whether or not the child needs to be using a booster seat. According to the scholarly journal, Pediatrics, â€Å"children who were aged 4 to 8 years and using BPB (booster) seats were 45% less likely to sustain injuries than similarly aged children who were using the vehicle seat belt†(cite this). From this statement, it can be concluded that the improper seat belt use for children ages 4-8 can lead to significantly higher chances of injury. On the other hand, children, who are not restrained with any type of seat belt are 80% more likely to be ejected from the automobile upon crashing, and of the 80% who are ejected, there is a 77% chance of a fatality (U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S DoT, n.d.). From these statistics, it can be concluded that the proper combination of booster seats and seat belts utilization for children 4-8 will greatly improve the chances of living and sustaining injuries (U.S DoT, n.d.). To further the reduce chance of crashing and injury in general, parents should always avoid driving while under the influence (Lenne et al., 2010). An existing public health intervention by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) sought to decrease injury and death for children in motor vehicle crashes through their formal policy change in March of 2011 (American Academy of Pediatrics [AAP], 2011). In this policy change, they expanded best-practice child passenger safety recommendations across all ages. The AAP’s

The New Jim Crow Mass Incarceration - 1199 Words

Imagine if someone was able to change others perceptions on the American criminal justice system? Michelle Alexander was able to accomplish that by altering some people s entire perception on the American criminal justice system by focusing on our most pressing civil right issues of our time for some of those who did read her book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration In The Age of Colorblindness. Michelle Alexander stated that The most despised in America is not gays, transgenders, nor even illegal immigrants - it is criminals. That was an important quote since the stereotypical criminal in our racially divided America in most cases are those of color also known as blacks. This is why the criminal justice system in the United States promotes the mass incarceration of blacks that can be seen through high number of African-Americans going to jail for drugs compared to any other race, the high percentage rates of African-American that are incarcerated, the amount of time that is given t o African-Americans compared to any other race in the United States. The criminal justice system in the United States promotes the mass incarceration of blacks can be seen through the high number of African-Americans going to jail for drugs compared to any other race. According to www.naacp.org â€Å"about 14 million Whites and 2.6 million African Americans report using an illicit drug†; if someone was to calculate this that means five times as many Whites are using drugs as African Americans.Show MoreRelatedThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1370 Words   |  6 Pagesunrecognizable ways that fit into the fabric of the American society to render it nearly invisible to the majority of Americans. Michelle Alexander, in her book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness shatters this dominantly held belief. The New Jim Crow makes a reader profoundly question whether the high rates of incarceration in the United States is an attempt to maintain blacks as an underclass. Michelle Alexander makes the assertion that â€Å"[ w]e have not ended racial caste in America;Read MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1361 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness The premise of the ‘The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness’ by Michelle Alexander, is to refute claims that racism is dead and argue that the War on Drugs and the federal drug policy unfairly targets communities of color, keeping a large majority of black men of varying ages in a cycle of poverty and behind bars. The author proves that racism thrives by highlighting theRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1477 Words   |  6 PagesThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Color Blindness, by Michelle Alexander. The New Press, 2010. 290 pages. Reviewed by Ashlei G Cameron. Michelle alexander is a highly acclaimed civil rights lawyer, advocate and legal scholar. As an associate professor of law at Standford law school, she directed the Civil Rights Clinic and pursued a research agenda focused on the intersection of race and criminal justice. In 2005. Alexander won a Soros Justice Fellowship that supported the writingRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1081 Words   |  5 Pages Michelle Alexander’s The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness outlines how the criminal justice system has systematically designed new methods of discriminating against African Americans. The book advocates for racial justice, specifically, for African Americans and contends they [African Americans] were targeted and subsequently incarcerated, by white voters and public officials, through the War on Drugs campaign. President Reagan and his Administration exploited racialRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1347 Words   |   6 PagesHunter Silver Dr. Kendall Smith English 103-4120 10 November 2015 High Incarceration Rates Due to Racism Racism effects the the high incarceration rates according to Michelle Alexander, the author of â€Å"The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. This scholar writes about how the civil rights movement has been taken back by the mass incarceration of black Americans in the war on drugs. Alexander also explains how the severe consequences that these black men carry on afterRead MoreThe New Jim Crow Mass Incarceration Essay1797 Words   |  8 PagesJim Crow laws are regarded as part of the racial caste system that operated in the Southern and Border States in the years between 1877 and the mid-1960s. Under the series of the anti-black laws, African Americans were treated as inferior and second class citizens. The laws have been argued to have represented the legitimization of the anti-black racism in the US. The book The New Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness is written by Michelle Alexander and originally published byRead MoreThe New J im Crow : Mass Incarceration Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pages Michelle Alexander’s book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, examines mass incarceration in the United States, why the criminal justice system works the way it does towards minorities, the detriments associated with mass incarceration as it relates to offenders, and much more. In the introduction of her book, Alexander immediately paints the harsh reality of mass incarceration with the story of Jarvious Cotton who is denied the right to vote among other rights becauseRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesAlexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: The New Press, 2010. Study Questions for â€Å"The New Jim Crow†: 1) What is the relationship between the War on Drugs and the spread of crack cocaine through inner city neighborhoods in the 1980s? President Ronald Reagan officially announced the current drug war in 1982, before crack became an issue in the media or a crisis in poor black neighborhoods. A few years after the drug war was declared, crackRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1239 Words   |  5 PagesIn 2013, Michelle Alexander published her book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, hoping it served as a call to action. Immediately this book received a huge amount of attention because of the controversial topics presented. This book opened a lot of people’s eyes to the term colorblindness, a sociological perspective referring to the disregard of racial characteristics. There is no racial data or profiling, no classifications, and no categorizations or distinctionsRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1547 Words   |  7 PagesSSP101 Final Michelle Alexander is a noble civil rights advocate and writer. She is best known for her 2010 book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the age of colorblindness. Michelle Alexander writes that the many gains of the civil rights movement have been undermined by the mass incarceration of black Americans in the war on drugs. She says that although Jim Crow laws are now off the books, millions of blacks arrested for minor crimes remain marginalized and disfranchised, trapped by

Microscope free essay sample

Lab Report Observing Bacteria and Blood Questions: List the following parts of the microscope and describe the function of each A. Ocular Lens- the lens on the top of the microscope that look into with 10x or 15x power. B. Body Tube- Connects eye piece to the objective lens C. Revolving Nosepiece- holds two or more objectives lenses and can be rotated easily to change power D. Objective lenses- 4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x powers E. Stage- The flat plate where the slides are placed for observation F. Diaphragm- Generally a five hold disc placed under the stage. Used to vary the intensity and size of the cone of light to see the slide. G. Illuminator- A light source, used to reflect light from an external light source up through the bottom of the stage. H. Coarse Focus Knob- Rough focus knob on the microscope used to move the objective lenses towards or away from the specimen. We will write a custom essay sample on Microscope or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I. Fine Focus Knob- Knob used to fine tune the focus on the specimen, used after the coarse focus knob. J. Arm- Part of microscope that connects the tube to the base, used when carrying. K. Stage Clip- Clips on the stage used to hold the slide into place L. Base- bottom support of the microscope B. Define the following microscopy terms: a. Focus: Means of moving the specimen closer or further away from the objective lens and get a sharper image b. Resolution: Ability of a lens system to show details of the object c. Contrast: Darkness of the background relative to the specimen C. Describe your observations from fresh yogurt slide you prepared in Part III. We did not do the fresh yogurt slide. D. Were there observable differences between your fresh yogurt slide and the prepared yogurt slide? If so, describe them. The prepared yogurt slide was purple spheres and commas covering the whole slide. E. Describe the four main bacterial shapes The four main bacterial shapes were spheres, rods, commas, and spirals. F. What are the common arrangements bacteria are found in? Bacteria are found in pairs (diplo), strands (strepto), or clusters (staphlo). G. Were you able to identify specific bacterial morphologies on either yogurt slide? If so, which types? On the prepared yogurt slide I was able to identify spheres and commas. H. Describe the cells you were able to see in the blood smear. I was able to see platelets and white blood cells in the blood smear. I. Are the cells you observed in your blood smear different than the bacterial cells you have observed? Why or why not? Yes they are different. They have similar shape but the bacterial cells were smaller while the blood smear was a lot more going on. J. What is the purpose of immersion oil? Why does it work? The purpose is to allow a larger picture of the tiny things on the slide. Oil is placed on the slide to prevent the loss of light due to light rays passing through the air. It enhances the resolving power of the microscope.

Tracking Infant Development

Human beings go through different stages of development, from birth to when they attain maturity. There are several ways through which the development of an infant can be measured. One of the most common methods of measuring development in infants is by use of milestones.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tracking Infant Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is common knowledge that growth and development among children usually occur at different rates and it is not surprising to find children of the same age exhibiting varying levels of development. Ideally, the disparity in levels of development is not supposed to be big among normal infants of the same age (Sigelman and Rider 133–170). A child is considered to be having a normal development profile if he or she has functional skills that match up to the set of skills that characterize ordinary kids of his or her age. A milestone is an establishe d set of skills configured for a particular age level and which children of this age must overcome to be regarded as normal. The importance of using milestones in determining the development records of infants lies in the ability of this technique to detect abnormalities in their early stages. Furthermore, efficient use of milestones can lead to timely discovery of inappropriate parenting (Sigelman and Rider 133–170). There are five major areas that need to be borne in mind when considering development milestones, these are: gross motor, fine motor, cognitive, language, and social. It is the joy of every parent to learn that their children can recognize them and even identify them by calling them daddy or mummy. This identification is only possible if the child has been mastering language skills progressively as he or she grows. The main parameters that the tracking of language skills incorporates include: speech, ability to understand what is said by others, and other commun ication skills. Walking, running, standing, and sitting are some of the activities classified under the gross motor that are executed with the help of a collection of large muscles (Sigelman and Rider 133–170). On the other hand, fine motor encompasses hand-generated activities such as, eating, writing, dressing, and drawing. Development milestones are not complete without the inclusion of cognitive capabilities which are characterized by problem-solving, learning, remembering, and understanding new concepts.Advertising Looking for essay on aging? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, a comprehensive set of milestones will incorporate the social dynamics of a child, i.e., interpersonal relationships of the child and other people around him or her and the child’s ability to understand the feelings of others. The most convenient person to detect developmental milestone delay in a child is the parent or guardian. It is only after a parent or guardian has detected development anomalies in a child that the services of a paediatric expert can be sought (Sigelman and Rider 133–170). Milestone Tasks First child Second child Gross motor Turning over Raising self to sitting position The infant is able to turn over and rise to sitting position without any problem. The infant is totally unable to turn over and rise to sitting position, unless supported. Fine motor Transfer of objects Manipulation of objects The infant transfers and manipulates objects with a lot of ease. The infant does not seem to understand what is supposed to be done and puts everything in his/her hands in the mouth Language Following commands The infant swiftly follows the commands given There seems to be a problem, because the infant seems unable to understand commands Cognitive Visual tracking Sound localization The infant is attracted to sources of sound and also moves with the direction of l ight The infant is uninterested with sources of light and sound and appear to take time before reacting. Social No task observed Chart 1: Report from Dr. Thadani’s demonstration From Dr. Thadani’s demonstration, we can conclude that the age of the two infants is approximately twelve months. This conclusion is borne out of the type of tasks that the two infants have been able to accomplish. For instance, the two infants are able to sit on their own, make bubble sounds, grasp small boxes with their thumb and index fingers (Sigelman and Rider 133–170). Works Cited Sigelman, Carol K. and E. A. Rider. Life-Span Human Development, 7th ed. 2012, Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. This essay on Tracking Infant Development was written and submitted by user Nathalie Hawkins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Animal House essays

Animal House essays Social commentary is sometimes found at the heart of good art, whether that art form is literature or popular music. The novel, Animal Farm by George Orwell, and the rock album, Animals written and performed by Pink Floyd share the same characteristic of scathing social commentary. The artworks also share an animal metaphor that serves to cast a dark light on human social interactions and stratification functions. Conversely, the artworks individually attack the diametrically opposed, socio-economic systems of communism (by Orwell) and capitalism (by Roger Waters). The artworks are individually astounding, but when viewed in tandem, alludes to the idea that socio-economic systems are still evolving and in time the terms capitalism and communism will be thought as ineffective as feudalism. The shared characteristics of social commentary and animal metaphor literally, are what make these particular artworks the amazing examples of their respective genres that they are. The animal metaphor tends to depict humans as being motivated by our animalistic desires, as well as the tendency among ourselves to be highly competitive and often, ruthless. In Animal Farm, Orwell puts the pigs as being the leaders, or the exploiters of the masses, depending on your point of view. Waters does the same in Animals, depicting the pigs as uncaring, self-involved, and overbearing masters of the masses. In both works, dogs are an enforcer-type, driven either by a sense of patriotism, honor, and pride, but also those misanthropes who relish in the power they have been given and enjoy abusing those weaker than themselves. The sheep are a shared characteristic of both works, depicting them as easily manipulated and led to the slaughter. The works diverge from one another in which philosophy they individually espouse. Orwells novel is an obvious attack against communism. The pig characters of the novel represent the political figures of the early ...

Comparative Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comparative Politics - Essay Example The dictatorship or authoritarian governments can be considered as an example of elitist theory. In majority of the cases elite class of the society exercise their powers because of certain skills which are quite unique in that particular area. This is the reason on the basis of which most of the people living in elitist society could not challenge the status quo. Most of the people assume government as an elite group. However this is not the case always. Corporate sector can also act as an elite group of the society. They are on a bargaining position because of their revenue generating capability which will ultimately benefit the country. Real life scenarios of recent past suggest that corporations even play role in developing governments across the globe. Therefore it can be concluded that elite group has a powerful role to play in the growth and development. The pressure groups are almost inexistent in the elitist society. They do not have the resources to influence their point of view on elitist. Elitist theory also states that whenever attempts are made to over through elitist, the reaction of could be very harmful for the effective functioning of the society. Therefore decent homework will be required to alter such system (Machiavelli, NiccoloIâ‚ ¬, W. K. Marriott, Nelle Fuller, and Thomas Hobbes, 1955). Pluralist theory suggests that economic development of the nation is the responsibility of government. However certain pressure groups can influence the decision making process of government. In pluralist society public have the power to actively criticize the decisions of government and develop a pressure group for the improvement of their living conditions. There are classes of competing groups who try to grab maximum power by dissecting the opportunities for other pressure groups. Political scientists are of the opinion that pluralist society cannot become stable in the long run since it does not have unity of command. Unstable governments are the n orm of those societies. As far as the case of Unites States of America is concerned it can be concluded that pluralistic democratic system is prevailing in the country. Government administration of USA has to face to pressure as well as opposition members on the congress before making any decision associated with the government. Occupy Wall Street movement can be considered as an example of pressure group. There is no limitation on the general public to protest against governmental decisions (Johnson, Janet Buttolph, and Richard Joslyn, 1986). Question 2 Plurality system is the single voting system. According to this system the candidate with highest votes is elected as a member of legislative assembly. This system is based on the constituent politics. There are some political scientists who consider it as a best representative of democratic system. However opponents argue that it is not necessary that general public could elect the member who can solve their problems in the true se nse. Therefore the system cannot be considered as fool proof. The condition of absolute majority does not prevail in this system. Simple majority is enough to decide the candidature. Proportional representation system is quite different from plurality system. It is based on seats to voter relationship. For example if party A has received 30% seats in the assembly then that party should also get 30% votes in the electoral process. Political scien

Challenge in Maximizing Profit for the Large Firms Essay

Challenge in Maximizing Profit for the Large Firms - Essay Example In the literature, it is noticed that the priorities of firms have changed during the above period under the pressure of the financial and political turbulence worldwide. We could indicatively refer to the study of Becerra (2008) where it is made clear that the firms’ profitability is developed under specific conditions: ‘(a) value uncertainty, (b) resources specificity, and (c) firm-level innovation’ (Becerra, 2008, 1110). It is not made clear in the above study whether the above conditions refer to the development of profitability of all firms or whether there are related only to the performance of firms of a specific size. The studies published on the specific field show that there is a relationship between the aspects of firms on profit and the political/ social and financial conditions of a particular region. In the 21st century, the increase in profit has been a significant priority for managers of large firms and TNCs; however, it seems that in the previous century – the 20th – different views on profit have been developed by the firms of this size; emphasis was put rather on the personal development of employees and the promotion of specific principles, like equality, across firms of all sizes. The fact that most of the large firms and TNCs of the 20th century were under the control of the state could possibly have affected the views of managers of these firms on profit. As noticed above, in the 20th century, firms’ priorities have been differentiated by those of firms operating in the modern market. The role of the state in the development of business activities has been major during the specific period; on the other hand, the 20th century is characterized by the promotion of social theories.

Case Study on a Day Care Essay Example for Free

Case Study on a Day Care Essay When couples are engaging in family planning, there are several things that they have to take into consideration. One such thing is the care of the child or children when it is time for them to return to work. A common option over the years has been that of the day care or child care center. Parents today are realizing the importance of daycare centers in their children’s development. They are looking for daycare centers that not only will take care of their child while they are away but also will provide quality, real-life learning opportunities and experiences. These learning opportunities will ensure that children are prepared not only for their academic life in school but also for real life situations outside the daycare center and their own homes. There are five basic categories of day cares: Child care centers, educational day care, family day care, non-profit day care and subsidized day care. A child care center is a large day-care provider and is often franchised under a brand name. They often have extensive facilities, including swimming pools and large playgrounds. They also provide day care for multiple ages divided into smaller groups by age. Educational day cares are intended to provide children with pre-school learning and skills to prepare her for kindergarten or elementary school. They strive to provide children with rounded spiritual, physical, mental and emotional support to prepare them for lifes challenges. A family day care is provided in the care-givers home, usually with the providers children present. They provide a familiar and comfortable setting for your child. A family day care often is smaller than other types of day care. Non-profit day cares are run by non-profit organizations, such as churches or synagogues. They sometimes include religious schooling and are often more affordable than other types of day care because of their non-profit status. Subsidized day care programs are those that provide financial assistance either through the federal or state government or an employer. The day care visited by group five, was an educational daycare. The daycare caters to children between three (3) months and three (3) years old. At the beginning of September, there were a total of forty (40) children. Currently, there are twenty-six (26) children there. Space and Equipment The day care is clean and sanitary. There is no garbage lying around, floors are clean as they are constantly mopped when messes are made. The kitchen is large enough to facilitate the free movement when 2-3 persons are in there making food preparations. It is also away from the areas where diapers are changed and away from the bathroom. It is clear that great consideration was taken in regards to inclement weather, as the space in the day care is large enough to separate sleeping children from playing children and those who are learning. The area is large enough for everyone to play when they are unable to go outside even though the tables where they have their meals are there. There are five smoke detectors throughout the building, a fire aid kit and a fire extinguisher that are strategically places. Standard childproofing techniques are utilized, (covered outlets, safety gates, door latches). The center is secure, having a buzzer that is working and therefore, strangers are not able to just walk in from the streets. The building is properly lit and ventilated and doors are placed strategically as well to facilitate emergency exit if necessary. There is short term parking space at the front for parents and guardians who come to drop off and pick up their children. Caregivers’ Credentials/Qualifications Because the caregivers are expected to create a safe and stimulating environment for the children to develop in, it is important that the staff get formal training that will equip them with the tools necessary to do so. All the members of staff are qualified. The qualifications held are varied. There are members of staff who have Level 1 and 2 Certificates in Early Childhood Care and Development from HEART Trust NTA. Other qualification held by staff is a Certificate in Practical Nursing and Heart care and a Diploma in Early Childhood Teacher Education. Programme Activities At this stage of the child’s development, it is important to have activities that engage the children’s minds and develop skills that will be needed in further learning. At the day care, there is a structured schedule that includes plenty of time for physical activity, quiet time (including daily reading sessions for groups and individuals), group activities, individual activities, meals, snacks, and free time. The activities cover the duration of time that the children are at the day care from the moment of arrival to the time of departure. The physical activities come in varied forms including music movement (dance) and play time- outdoor play and free play. Free play is for the children to do whatever they feel like doing, whether it is engaging in imaginative play with their little friends or by themselves, playing with toys, or looking through their picture books. Outdoors, there is a slide, a swing, a monkey bar and some tires for the children to crawl through. Group activities include some aspects of the physical activities and story time, as well as their varied creative, manipulative activities. Such creative/manipulative activities include finger painting, drawing, and making things out of clay dough. This is done with the assistance of the staff. A lot of the stories are made up based on a series of pictures that are taped to the walls of the daycare. Caregivers also engage the children in picture games. The children form a ring and are shown pictures that they are to identify. Those who correctly identify the pictures get an extra treat at meal time. They are also taught nursery rhymes such as â€Å"hey diddle diddle†, and â€Å"itsy bitsy spider† and the alphabet song. There are designated times for snacks, and other meals. They do not allow the children to eat right throughout the day but encourage the habit of eating at intervals. There is also designated naptime and quiet time for the children. The activities are very appropriate as they are in keeping with Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. In the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, which is the first stage, Piaget stresses the importance of discovery through a child’s active interaction with the environment. Between birth and age two (2), children discover the world using their senses and motor activity because they are limited by their inability to use language or symbols at this stage. Therefore, the hands on activities that they are engaged in, helps to enhance cognitive development at this stage. Teacher-child Relationships According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development, trust is identified as the first major developmental task of early childhood, and is established in childrens first relationship with their caregivers, parents and teachers. Trust is the first pre-requisite for effective learning. It encourages a sense of well-being and emotional security in young children, creating a solid foundation for future learning from the dynamic experiences of childhood. Without the support of early trust relationships with caring adults, children are ill-equipped to take the kinds of risk essential to the learning process. Trust develops when children come to anticipate positive experiences in the child care settings. If trust is to develop, children need sensitive and perceptive caregivers that understand childrens needs and consistently offer tender, responsive care. Having received formal training for the purpose of taking care of the children, they have an understanding of the importance of their interactions with the children and therefore treat the children accordingly. It is evident that the children trust their caregivers as they affectionately refer to them as â€Å"Auntie† and warm smile light up their tiny faces whenever they see the members of staff walk through the door. The staff plays with the children during their playtime. There is prompt responsiveness to the cries or outbursts of the children and reassurance is given when the infant is crying, except in cases when the child is throwing a tantrum. In such instances, the infant is spoken to firmly but gently. The ratio of teacher to child is 1: 6. However, the caretakers try to share their attentions evenly among the children. They tend to group the children together when they are interacting with them so that none is left out. There were demonstrations of positive reinforcement from the caregivers. When a child did not like what was prepared for them to eat, he or she was coaxed into eating by the use of various methods, one of which was to pretend that the spoonful of food was an airplane loaded with niceties. The child was praised when he or she would chew the food and swallow it. The caregiver would also reward the child with the option of having their juice before the water if the food was eaten. A sense of autonomy is identified as the second major developmental task of early childhood and is developed when a child is allowed to practice newly acquired physical skills. At the daycare, the children are encouraged to do things for themselves. There are toddlers who prefer to feed themselves, even though they make a bit of a mess when they do. Nonetheless, they are allowed to do so. They are encouraged to pick up after themselves and therefore run around picking up toys when they are done playing. During outdoor play, the older and stronger children are allowed to climb the monkey bars by themselves with the ‘Auntie’ hovering close by to give assistance if it is needed. Recommendations A good day care is one that has a good reputation. No one will want to send their child/children to a daycare that has a bad track record. Established ground rules and policies are important and this is something a good day care has. These rules and policies should include what to do when a child gets sick, or has an accident while at the daycare, schedule pick up times (even though there should be some amount of flexibility with this), safety policies, etcetera. A good day care has a stimulating curriculum that is age appropriate. As these are the formative of a child’s life, activities should be geared at setting a foundation of later learning. The day care should have a license that is current. This is an indication that the day care is in legal operation. Qualified staff is also important. Parents want to know that when they drop their children off at the day care, they are in good hands. The facilities should be clean and safe as well. The day care of study can be considered to be a good one. However, there are a few things that could be done to improve the facility. The acquisition of more qualified staff is something that should be looked into. Even though the caregivers try to pay attention to all the children in their care, it can be taxing for one staff member to have to oversee six children at once, especially during play time. There is a need for more toys for the children, especially building blocks. There is presently a toy drive going on to help with the endeavor of procuring more toys. In doing so, they can look into getting another slide as the tiny one that is there cannot suffice for all the children that want to use it during outdoor play. They need to also look into getting straps or bars put on the swing as there are children who have a habit of getting in and out of the swing while it is in flight. This can be very harmful to them. The monkey bar is also a cause of concern as it is very dangerous, especially for the smaller children. The spaces between each bar are too wide and therefore adjustments may have to be made by putting plastic or wooden bars in between each space to reduce the width that the children will have to climb on. There is a gate at the end of one of the driveways that is too far from the ground and so the ball continues to go under the gate when the children play in the driveway. They need to lower the gate or put something to block the opening so that the ball does not run onto the road. Closing Remarks Members of group five (5) can conclude that the visit to the day care was a productive one. The time spent with the children was thoroughly enjoyed as there was more than mere observation. The day care is a great one and should become better if the things in the afore mentioned recommendations are taken into consideration. Group five would recommend this day care to parents and guardians seeking one as they take into consideration the holistic development of the children.

Special Education Implementation For Native American Girls Essay

Special Education Implementation For Native American Girls Quality education for children has been an ongoing issue for today's society. There has also been an increasing concern for the education of students with special needs. The effect of these concerns has been noted in many communities, such as the Native American community. The population of special education students in the Native American communities is not necessarily higher than others, however, their community is effected, therefore also in need of quality special education programs. The need for quality special education is strongly felt by the women and girls within the Native American culture because of the pressures of their cultures and societies. Woman and girls have always held distinctive roles within the Native American community. These role have withstood the test of time. In a discussion with Juan Zuniga, a bilingual educator with an emphasis on Hispanic and American Indian cultures, I found that women in the Native American society are very much so, encouraged to stay at home and be homemakers. They are far less likely to pursue further education and often find it hard to gain the support to complete high school. The importance of education among females in their society is not as predominant as in others (J.Zuniga). In some cases it is necessary for young Indian people to leave their homes and families to obtain an adequate education for the preparation of today's society (National Indian Child Conference 1979). They are also faced with being torn between modern American ways and their tribal customs and beliefs. Because of this it is often instilled in them that they are incapable of achieving. This sense of self worthlessness ... ...e, Michael, and Others. "Your Rights: A Handbook for Native American Youth in Arizona." Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 1982. Foster, Carl G., and Gable, Emma. " The Indian Child in Special Education: Two Persons' Perceptions." ERIC, 1980. Grossman, Herbert. "Special Education In A Diverse Society." Allyn and Bacon: Boston, 1994. "Report of The National Indian Child Conference." Administration for Children, Youth, and Families: Washington, D.C., 1979. "Resource Directory: Migrant and Indian Exceptional Children." Department of Education: Washington, D.C., 1981. Winzer, Margret A. "The History of Special Education From Isolation to Integration." Gallaudet University Press: Washington, D.C., 1993. Zuniga, Barbara. Personal Interview. March 26, 1999. Zuniga, Juan. Personal Interview. March 25, 1999.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay

Following a traumatic event, the mind sometimes stores and hides away the details and memories of the event and then sends them back at unexpected times and places, sometimes years later. It does so in a way that makes the recall just as disturbing as the original event and sometimes more. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is the name for the mental condition acquired following a psychologically distressing event outside normal human experience. There are five things that determine that someone has this disorder and there are no cures for this disorder, only therapy which lessens the burden of the symptoms. The root of the disorder is a traumatic event which places itself so firmly in the mind that the person may be attached by the pain and distress of the event indefinitely, experiencing it again and again as the mind stays in the past rather than the present. The disorder is quite common, damaging the lives of approximately 8% of the American population (5% of men and 10% of women). A ny person is a potential candidate for developing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder if subject to enough stress. There is no definite way to determine who will get Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Even though all people who suffer from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder have experienced a traumatic event, not all people who experience a traumatic event will develop the disorder. Each person’s individual ability to deal with traumatic events determines their risk of acquiring Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and not everyone will experience the same symptoms. Some people may suffer from only a few mild symptoms for a short period of time and other people may be subjected to symptoms for longer periods of time, maybe even years. However there are also people who experience great traumatic events that may never develop any symptoms at all. The symptoms are a reaction to an overwhelming traumatic event, or series of events. There are many situations that may lead to developing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, including: serious threats to a person’s life, to their children, to their spouse, close friends, or to relatives. Sudden destruction of home or community and witnessi ng the accidental or violent death or injury of another can also lead to the development of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Characteristic symptoms include nightmares, re-experiencing the event, avoidance of any images, sounds, or smells associated with the event or a lack of general responsiveness to a person’s surroundings, increased arousal that previously wasn’t there, and duration  of the disturbance for at least one month. When a bomb exploded in the Oklahoma Federal building in 1996, hundreds of lives were affected. Not only are the people who were in the explosion in danger of re-experiencing it over and over, but so are the people who witnessed the aftermath, from bystanders to the rescue workers on scene. The surviving employees not only were physically injured in the blast, but saw the deaths of their coworkers and children. For the rescue workers who arrived, many saw death and people who they could not help and their feelings of helplessness and guilt could turn into painful memory recall and nightmares. The first way to determine a person has the disorder is that the person w as at one time exposed to a traumatic event involving actual or threatened death or injury, where the response was marked by intense fear, horror or helplessness. This event may have taken place only weeks ago, or as far back in memory as forty years. The disorder is most commonly found among survivors of war, abuse and rape. It also occurs after assorted crime and car accidents, as well as after community disasters such as hurricanes and floods. Workers of rescue missions are subjected to situations of severe stress frequently. Many emergency response workers like police officers and EMS drivers may become overwhelmed by the trauma they see and end up with painful recollections themselves. Second, the trauma is re-experienced in the form of nightmares, flashbacks, painful memories, or unrest in situations that are similar to the traumatic experience. Sights, sounds, and smells can evoke panic, terror, dread, grief or despair in individuals. Commonly, in the case of war veterans, the patient may be mentally sent back to the time and place of the original traumatic experience. A veteran who hears a startling noise like a car backfiring may hear gunfire, which will trigger flashbacks. These flashbacks can last a few seconds, minutes, or up to days where the person behaves and reacts to everything as if they are in the original setting. Third, there is a lack of emotions and reduced interests in others and the outside world. The person is attempting to reduce the likelihood that they will expose themselves to traumatic sounds, images, and smells. Because of this it is extremely difficult for people with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder to participate in meaningful relationships. Fourth, there are random symptoms including insomnia, irritability,  nightmares, fatigue, and outbursts of rage. Last, symptoms of each category must show a big effect on the person’s social abilities or other important areas of life and all of these symptoms must persist for at least one month. Since the Iraq War, 5% of U.S. soldiers have been diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome. Those with the most combat experiences are the most likely victims of the disorder. Also, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder develops mostly in soldiers who were don’t have very stress resistant personalities and have low levels of social support. To recover from any stressful event is the victim has to know that he or she isn’t alone and that others care about his or her recovery. The soldiers who return from war with no one to share their experiences with are likely to re-experience warfare through nightmares and flashbacks. After witnessing the deaths of enemies and friends, soldiers without social support are likely push their pain inwards which then has a good chance of escaping out of the body through symptoms. PTSD can become a chronic disorder that can stay for decades and sometimes a lifetime. Chronic patients go through periods of relapse like many diseases. Some people suffering from the disorder may turn to other ways of dealing with their stress if untreated. Depression and addictions, such as alcoholism, drug abuse, and compulsive gambling are a common way for victims of the disorder to self-medicate. Therapy is the only known method of treatment, but there have not been substantial gains in this field for recovery of patients. After four months of treatment, Vietnam veterans showed no long term effects from their therapy in a study conducted by the National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in New Haven. The men received individual and group psychotherapy and behavior therapy, as well as family therapy and vocational guidance. Even though they left reporting increased hope and self-esteem, a year and a half later their symptoms were actually worse. They had made more suicide attempts and their drug abuse had increased. Healing can only take place when the per son can get rid of the memories at will, instead of suffering from the memories being recalled involuntarily.

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